Editorial Review

The second work in a planned three-volume series (after 2004's Read more

Reviews (15)

Powerful
Insightful, well documented, and very powerful!This book is a wonderful primer on the type of society the Nazis created, the lengths that they went to control their people, and the measures used to create the 3rd Reich.

The Ceremony of Innocence is Drowned...
"The Third Reich in Power" is the second part of Richard J. Evans's projected trilogy on the Nazi Dictatorship.The first book, "The Coming of the Third Reich", narrated German history since Bismarck, explaining how the various elements of what we know as Nazism grew during the 19th century, intensified as a result of Germany's defeat during the Great War, and then rose to power following the Great Depression and the inept political leadership of both the traditional right and left.
engrossing, full strength history
Do you like your history light or full-strength with nothing taken out? If you want to skim through yet another book about the Nazis that tells you something you probably already knew but in a different way then don't bother with this book. However, if you want to read first class, detailed historical writing then this is certainly the book for you. Evans makes 1930s Germany come alive. How does he do it? By using historical records and documents to recount incidents involving `ordinary' people. He recalls appalling things that happened to people no different to his readers. He recounts cases of `ordinary' people doing unspeakable things to their fellow Germans. The reader is brought back 70 years and is really made to feel (as much as is possible now) what it must have been like to live in an all-embracing dictatorship. The author forces you to ask yourself the uncomfortable question, "Would I have behaved differently"? You'll have guessed by now that this book does not make for easy reading. This is exactly the way it should be. You probably won't pack this book the next time you're going on a sun holiday. However, if you want to read a book that actually tells you something new then this is the book for you. Evans makes no concessions to readers who don't like too much, `boring' details and who are only interested in the `big picture'. This book describes in detail how the Nazis mercilessly quashed all opposition, controlled every element of German society, remilitarised at breakneck speed and remorsely drove Germany into a second world war. This is full-strength, full-fat, nothing taken out history. Thank God for that! ... Read more

Subjects:  1. 1933-1945    2. 20th century    3. Economic policy    4. Europe - Germany    5. Germany    6. Germany - History - Third Reich (1933-1945)    7. History    8. History - General History    9. History: World    10. Holocaust    11. Jews    12. Military - World War II    13. Persecutions    14. Political History    15. Political persecution    16. History / Germany   

Reviews (9)

Fantastic!
This is a wonderful book albeit with few personal experiences of the victims but on the whole you will enjoy the book. The writer's grasp of English is exceptional and in fact taking this parameter alone you can enjoy the book and learn something new in word and sentence formations. Though at first glance it may look like one of those boring and dry books, which inhabit the shelves of libraries all over the book without being opened for many years to come. The book is excellent and shows the level of utter nadir reached by Nazis and German people while persecuting their own. Seems to have been a sort of a collective disease in which even a modicum of humanity or decency taken a permanent back seat. The author has presented the facts and names of very difficult and guttural German names with such ease that there is no confusion to the reader.
Great Work from A Great Historian
I've taken several seminars at UCLA with Saul Friedlander, and to say that he is an objective and very insightful historian is an understatement.This book is terrific and deserves all the critical praise that it has received.Even if you are just curious about the Holocaust, or you are a serious historian of the time period, you should definitely pick this book up.

Excellent Intro to Hitler's Germany
This book is an excellent book for anyone wanting to learn about the rise of Fascism in Germany.It is factual and yet easy to read.Anyone that wants to understand how Hitler got his power should read this.The author's bias is kept to a minimum. ... Read more

Subjects:  1. 1933-1945    2. Europe - Germany    3. Germany    4. History    5. History - General History    6. History: World    7. Holocaust    8. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)    9. Jewish - General    10. Jews    11. Persecutions    12. History / General   

Reviews (30)

An Incredible Historical Perspective (Part 2)
This conclusion of Maus 1 is the conclusion of Vladek's story and of Artie's relationship with his father.
Spectacular account of the Holocaust
I first read Maus II when I was in fourth or fifth grade, but, of course, I didn't really grasp the true horror of it all at the time.I decided to buy a copy a couple of months ago and see if it lived up to my memory, and I was not disappointed.Now that I'm nine or ten years older and more attuned to the world and its history, it's that much more poignant.The insanity of the time period is hard to comprehend, but even in a cartoon, Spiegelman is able to give us some small idea of the reality.
Simply Brilliant II
In the two volumes of "Maus," Art Spiegelman has captured the essence of the Holocaust. He focuses his tale on his own family's tragic history, using the strangely-appropriate medium of comic book drawing. Maus II tells the Spiegelman family story from confinement in Auschwitz to the harrowing days at the end of the war through liberation and establishment in America.
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Subjects:  1. Biography    2. Biography / Autobiography    3. Biography And Autobiography    4. Biography/Autobiography    5. Children of Holocaust survivors    6. Comic books, strips, etc    7. Comics & Graphic Novels    8. Fine Arts    9. Historical - General    10. Historical - Holocaust    11. Holocaust    12. Holocaust survivors    13. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)    14. Jewish - General    15. Literary    16. Literature: Classics    17. Military - World War II    18. Poland    19. United States    20. Europe    21. Fiction / Graphic Novels    22. History   

Editorial Review

Shocking as it is, this book--a crucial source of original research used for the bestseller Read more

Reviews (48)

Shocking reading
This complete study of an ordinary security unit which perpetrated a shocking attrocity give the reader dark insights into the minds of the murderers who perpetrated Hitler's nightmare upon Jews and others. No pack of nazi fanatics or even anti-semites. Not a group of habitual criminals like Dirlewanger's gang. Just oridnary men who one day murdered thousands of men women and children while sending others to the death camp of Treblinka.
HOW DO ORDINARY MEN BECOME COLD-BLOODED KILLERS?
"Ordinary Men" chronicles the rise and fall of Reserve Police Battalion 101, one of several units that took part in the Final Solution to the Jewish Question while in Poland. During the course of their stay, they were responsible for the shooting of 38,000 Jews, while also deporting 45,200 to the Treblinka Concentration Camp. The book argues that the men of Reserve Police Battalion 101, and other units like it, were comprised of ordinary men. It begs the question: How did ordinary men become the cold-blooded killers of the Holocaust?
Must read.
Rather than try offer a magazine style critique on the book, I'll simply recommend, fellow reader, that you get it. I'll assume that, like me, you are interested in learning about this aspect of WW2 history. I found it to be the best (non-contemporary) book I have read on the subject. ... Read more

Subjects:  1. Europe - Germany    2. Germany    3. History - General History    4. History: World    5. Holocaust    6. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)    7. Military - World War II    8. Personal narratives, German    9. Poland    10. War criminals    11. World War, 1939-1945    12. European history: Second World War    13. History / General    14. Inter-war period, 1918-1939    15. Popular psychology    16. Second World War, 1939-1945    17. Social, group or collective psychology    18. The Holocaust   

Subjects:  1. General    2. Historiography    3. History - General History    4. History and criticism    5. Holocaust    6. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)    7. Literary Criticism    8. Personal narratives    9. Psychological aspects    10. Semiotics & Theory    11. Literary studies: general    12. Literary theory    13. Performing Arts / General   

Reviews (4)

Education to those not knowing
This book explains the depth the Nazis went to get rid of whole nationalities,races and religions. It teaches readers young and old of how awful the circumstances where and how some survived. They have beautiful pictures, and vivid accounts of survivors. I would recommend this for schools and young children. Some children dont see the importance of this and they will learn that they should not repeat this cruel history, we teach them to learn from past mistakes to prevent the end of the future.

One of the Best Holocaust books to read
This book gives a good explanation of the Holocaust with pictures and everything. I've read many a Holocaust book and this one is one of the best so if your looking for a Holocaust book look no more this is the one.

An inncredible book
To start of this is an very inncredible book. It is ashamed it had to happen, but that is how life is. The book explains great detail of the Holocaust. When I first read this book I wanted to cry it is so emotional. If I had the chance to go back in time I would run away for all of this hatred.I really enjoyed this book, and I really like how Susan wrote it. Next time I will by another good book from her. ... Read more

Subjects:  1. Children    2. Children's 12-Up - History - General    3. Children's Books/Young Adult Misc. Nonfiction    4. Children: Grades 3-4    5. History - Holocaust    6. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)    7. Jewish children    8. Juvenile Nonfiction    9. Juvenile literature    10. World War, 1939-1945    11. Juvenile Nonfiction / History / Holocaust    12. The Holocaust   

Reviews (12)

A Seminal Work on the Holocaust
Hilberg's brilliant and dispassionate treatment of attempts throughout history to destroy the Jews sets a new standard for scholarship and for the historical analysis of emotionally charge subjects.Through his own efficient analytic framework of precedents, antecedents, and scope of organization, Hilberg gives us a lucid formula for both understanding and explaining the subtext, context, and pretext of the 1500-year old continuously running saga of anti-Semitism. The effect is to place the reader in the cockpit of the planners of one of the worst disasters known to man, the holocaust of World War-II.But more importantly, he also provides us with all the necessary facts that go with, and that load his framework.
Obligatory
The text I read (three volume hard cover) is the definitive work on the Holocaust. It profiles all aspects of a demonic criminal conspiracy, as well as the practical planning and ultimate consequences.
Concise and revealing
I have several dozen books on the Holocaust, and more than that on my wish list. For a few years now, I have wanted to know 'How did it happen, and Why?'. I found myself stopping every other page to think about the words I had read, and the ideas they conveyed. This book is by far one of the best, seconded only by Martin Gilbert's 'The Holocaust'. I see survivor's messages that ask 'How could it happen...Where was God...Why the Jews?' I am slowly coming away with an answer in my head that just won't go away. Perhaps we would all {those of us deemed worthy to live, anyway} be speaking German today if Hitler hadn't focused so much effort on obliterating such a wonderful and gentle people. If there has to be a reason, maybe the Jews saved the world from the Nazi's! ... Read more

Subjects:  1. 1933-1945    2. Germany    3. History - Military / War    4. History: American    5. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)    6. Military - World War II    7. Politics and government    8. Europe    9. Jewish studies    10. The Holocaust    11. World history: Second World War   

Editorial Review

China has endured much hardship in its history, as Iris Chang shows in her ably researched Read more

Reviews (629)

A good book on an (unfortunately) almost forgotten tragedy
This book is not by a professional historian, but by a non fiction "populizer". Due to her training, and she is a talented woman, Ms. Chang does a very good job with her writing, and a respectable job in creating a historical monograph. Some things could have been done better by a professional historian, such as putting the event in the context of military operations, but it is clear that Ms. Chang has an emotional investment in the subject. The actions by the Japanese were vicious and brutal, every bit the equal in barbarity to the Nazi treatment of Jews. Its hard to tell from this book if the Japanese engaged in a policy of extermination regarding the Chinese as the Nazi's did for the Jews & Gypsys. Certainly, there were deliberate attempts to "depopulate" areas, but the book does not really nail down whether there was a policy of Chinese extermination on the highest levels. Reading this book I think not, but of course that did not really matter to the 300,000 Chinese the Japanese killed in Nanking. The book is very, very well written and I recommend it. It is a fast read. However, its a fair criticim to note that the BIG (and in terms of research really, really tough) issue of Japanese policy on exterminating Chinese is left for another author. What this author does very well is show the reader how the Japanese, even after more than 60 years, just cannot come to grips with the truths of the massacre, or even WWII in general. Interesting commentary on Japanese society, vis a vis Germany. Chang mentions that the blame likely goes to US Cold War policy towards Japan, but is that the full answer? The US needed West Germany during the Cold War but the West Germans (eventually) delved into the issues of the Holocaust and very critically examined themselves & their actions(I'm a Jew, have been several times to Germany, and am satisfied they have). Yet, the Japanese just can't seem to wrestle with the same issues the Germans did, and still do. Let's be politically incorrect and say that it must be something different about Japanese, or Asian, society & thinking. Ms. Chang also makes it clear that many of the Western angels of mercy during the massacre (including a committed Nazi)ended up completely physically and mentally broken by their experiences.

History Surpressed
"The Rape of Nanking" is not for the squeamish or faint-hearted. However, it is a work that should be applauded.The text, as well as pictures will disturb you. All wars yield stories of atrocities, but the treatment of the Chinese by the Japanese military, sanctioned, I believe, by the Japanese heirarchy, bear a great resemblance to the Nazi's treatment of the Jewish people of WWII.
History should be remembered...
I am writing this review because I am very disturbed by the review from the reader called "0000 teecee0000" and his/her serious lack of basic history knowledge.
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Subjects:  1. Asia - China    2. Asia - Japan    3. History    4. History - Military / War    5. History: World    6. Military - World War II    7. Military History - World War II    8. Nan-ching shih (China)    9. Nanking Massacre, Nan-ching shih, China, 1937    10. Nanking Massacre, Nanking, China, 1937    11. Prisoners Of War    12. Asian / Middle Eastern history: from c 1900 -    13. China    14. History / Military / World War II    15. Inter-war period, 1918-1939    16. Japan    17. The Holocaust    18. Reading Group Guide   

Reviews (2)

Just superb!!!!
Jeffrey Herf's THE JEWISH ENEMY is a masterpiece. It is meticulously researched, beautifully written and solidly argued. Above all, it is a true original in that it tells us something genuinely new about the much-researched world of National Socialism and the Nazi genocide of the Jews. To be sure, age-old anti-Semitism DID play a major role in framing the Nazis' singular crime. But as Herf shows irrefutably, the REAL reason for the Nazis' decision to commit what has come to be known as the Holocaust and/or the Shoah, had less to do with their being part of a Europe-wide anti-Semitism, and everything with their viewing the Jews as their number one enemy that had to be destroyed. This is a great book. Kudos to its author.

Suggestive New Interpretations
Herf's materials are powerful and unsettling, even to readers who are well acquainted with the literature on Nazism.He shows, in detail that has not previously been seen, how the Nazi war-time hate propaganda combined verbal attacks against Jews with attacks against the Allies.To these Nazi propagandists, the Jews were the overall enemy, standing behind and stage-managing the Allies.
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Subjects:  1. 20th century    2. Antisemitism    3. Europe - Germany    4. Germany    5. History    6. History - General History    7. History: World    8. Holocaust    9. Jewish - General    10. Nazi propaganda    11. Propaganda    12. World War, 1939-1945    13. European history: Second World War    14. History / Germany   

Subjects:  1. Comparative Religion    2. History    3. History: World    4. Holocaust    5. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)    6. Influence    7. Judaism    8. Memory    9. Moral and ethical aspects    10. Religion - World Religions    11. Religious aspects    12. Europe    13. POLITICS & GOVERNMENT    14. The Holocaust    15. World history   

Editorial Review

Was IBM, "The Solutions Company," partly responsible for the Final Solution? That's the question raised by Edwin Black's Read more

Reviews (61)

a tale of two maniacs
Once upon a time in America there was a tabulating company executive who had almost done time for illegal business practices.This executive believed that the only way that he could stay in business was by selling the best tabulating machines on the market, and mercilessly crushing his competitors.Unfortunately for humanity, this maniac was doing business in a country run by another maniac, who had come to power by fomenting ethnic hatred.Even as things went down the drain, and the persecution of the Jews and other minorities reached loathsome heights, the American business executive didn't want to terminate his activities in Germany, and was supportive enough of the Nazis to accept the highest medal the Nazis could give him.
This book is chilling, and is a "must read"
Reading this book, and the knowledge that IBM had during WWII and thegenocide of millins of humans puts a face on cooprorate greed and hate unjlike any of the comparisions given to Halliburton today. IBM aided Hitler in his termination of the Jews, and others, and it has never, to my knowledge owned up to this, nor have they done any actions to make changes in the way companies help with genocide. Great book, great writer.

An Extraordinary Work
As proud as I am to be an American, this thoroughly documented, utterly revealing book, has for the first time made me look at the extents to which U.S. corporate greed and the amorality of one man, Thomas J. Watson, chairman of IBM, will go to satisfy there lust for money and power.
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Subjects:  1. 1933-1945    2. Corporate & Business History - General    3. Data processing    4. Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen G    5. Economic aspects    6. Europe - Germany    7. Germany    8. History    9. History - General History    10. History: World    11. Holocaust    12. Holocaust, 1933-1945    13. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)    14. International Business Machine    15. Jews    16. Statistical services    17. History / Military / World War II   

Reviews (2)

True stories of moral courage and goodness
On the front cover of "Rescuers" are 12 photographs of some very nice looking people. They are pictures of people that you might meet every day; of friends and family, or someone that you might pass by on thestreet. They are the faces of very ordinary people, but they are also muchmore than that. They are the faces of people that risked their lives tosave the lives of others during the Holocaust. They are the faces of therescuers. There are many more photographs inside the book, of rescuers fromcountries all over Europe. Author Malka Drucker and photographer Gay Blockinterviewed and photographed the rescuers, seeking the heart of compassionand moral courage. They found that heart in men and women; the young andthe old; and in people from all walks of life.Every story told by therescuers is very moving. Some rescuers saved one person from death; somesaved many thousands. All of the rescuers are worthy of the greatestrespect and honor. The rescuers were sometimes asked the question of whythey helped others to live, when so many other people stood by and didnothing. The rescuers would answer that question by saying that they wereonly doing what they knew was right. By caring for other people, they wereacting the way that everyone should have been acting. One of the mostinspiring truths found in the book, is the thought that we all have thatsame spark of goodness within our hearts, that was shown so nobly by therescuers. We all have the capacity for doing what is right, even in timesof the greatest fear and terror. This is a book that will warm your heart,and it is well worth reading.

A beautiful photo-interview essay on altruism...
This book is wonderfully formatted, arranged by geographic area of Europe. Each interview starts with black and white photos a person who helped Jews and other persecuted people during WWII. A personal narrative of that timein their lives follows, and each interview closes with a color photo ofthat person as they were in 1992 when the interviews were done. Acomplicated and moving picture of altruism emerges, and one gets a glimpseof how individuals chose to protect others at the risk of threat tothemselves and their families. ... Read more

Subjects:  1. Biography    2. Biography / Autobiography    3. Biography/Autobiography    4. General    5. History    6. Holocaust    7. Holocaust, Jewish (1933-1945)    8. Jewish - Ancient    9. Jews    10. Rescue    11. Righteous Gentiles in the Holo    12. Righteous Gentiles in the Holocaust    13. World War, 1939-1945    14. Europe    15. Second World War, 1939-1945    16. The Holocaust    17. World history: Second World War   

Reviews (29)

"Physician, Heal Thyself"The Nazi Doctor and the Holocaust
In this detailed and well-researched account, psychologist Robert J. Lifton chronicles the Holocaust from a unique perspective:the role played by Nazi medical doctors.In doing so he explains the Nazi philosophy that formed the basis for mass murder:the necessity to heal the ills of German society by eliminating all its corrupting influences.Healing was and is the raison d'etre for the medical profession.Doctors were thus compelled to become killers in the application of this all encompassing "cure."
In our own time...
This book is relevant to our nation and society in the present time.With the Terry Schiavo case in the forefront of the news, one can only reflect on the position of the courts, and the doctors, in Germany in the 1930's.The book carefully shows the slippery slope which can confront a society that fails to protect the least among us. It is not a book about another place and another time.It is a book about us, in our own time. Strongly recommended that one reads this with open eyes and and open heart to the decisions we make today.
Fascinating
This is a fascinating look not only at what the Nazi doctors did during the reign of the Third Reich but also how they perceived what they were doing and the legislative precedents that culminated in the general acceptance of medicalised killing by many German doctors.
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Subjects:  1. Europe - Germany    2. Germany    3. History    4. History - General History    5. History: World    6. Holocaust    7. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)    8. Human experimentation in medic    9. Human experimentation in medicine    10. Medical scientists    11. Military - World War II    12. Psychological aspects    13. Psychology    14. Fascism & Nazism    15. Inter-war period, 1918-1939    16. Medicine    17. Second World War, 1939-1945    18. The Holocaust   

Reviews (33)

Night is moving
This was one bound volume of Wiesel's first three books, which concern the Holocaust, survival, and humanity. Night is Wiesel's personal memoir, which relates his personal story before and during World War II, as he and his father are separated from his mother and sister and interned in a series of concentration camps. Dawn is the story of a member of the movement to free Palestine from British occupation and Day concerns how one could move from a past that consumes one's every thought (or even if one should).
Life after Death.
Elie Wiesel won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, for his tireless work in addressing the Holocaust, wrestling with its almost incomprehensible moral questions, and most importantly working to ensure that it never happens again. NIGHT, his memoir of his own experiences in Auschwitz and Buchenwald, was perhaps the earliest first-hand account to be widely published. Totally authentic, written in blood and tears, it quite defies criticism. To assign four, five, or even ten stars to it would be an obscenity.
Night and Dawn
I was given the first two stories of the trilogy to read in my Nazi Germany and the Holocaust class this year and found them to be excellently written and very meaningful. With the help of an excellent teacher who posed all the right questions I was allowed to see the full meaning of these two stories.
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Subjects:  1. Biography / Autobiography    2. Fiction    3. Historical - Holocaust    4. Literary   

Editorial Review

"One day, in July 1941, half of the population of a small east European town murdered the other half--some 1,600 men, women and children." This short sentence summarizes the subject of Read more

Reviews (59)

Parallels with Iraq?
I read this book a oouple of years ago, and haven't stopped thinking of it as secretarian violence in Iraq intensifies and our efforts to deomocratize that country seem obviously futile. I remember that the author sought to understand how people who previously lived in peaceful coexistence with the Jews in thisPolish town, could turn on their neighbors with such viciousness and evil. Arn't we seeing the same phenomenon occur in Iraq and the Shiites, Sunni, and Kurds inflict such horrific violence against each other? I think the author's only explanation for the violence was that when a nation's people are repressed for decades, and their personal freedoms sacrificed in an unjust society, that violence and hatred can intensity once some restraints are lifted and the "genie is out of the bottle". Is it possible that the violence we are seeing in Iraq is partly a symptom of the severe repression the Iraqi people suffered under Saddam Hussein? And didn't we see the same sort of phenomenon occur in South Africa and Bosnia during the last part of the 20th Century? Doesn't this have lessons for America the next time it contemplates "liberating" by force a country with a history of repression and tyranny?

Truly shocking but...
"He was cringing, fighting the straps with amazing strength. His hands turned red and then white and the cords of the neck stood out like steel bands. The force of the electrical current was so powerful that his eyeballs popped out and rested on cheeks.Finally, he caught the fire. His brain was boiling."
Interesting & Disturbing
This is the second of the set of books that my dad's secretary's daughter lent us ~~ and it's sad and confusing to read. In some ways, it's a muddled reading since the author was definitely not organized in his thoughts as he wrote out his arguments. He jumped back and forth between too many theories and too many documents. Maybe it's the way the translator translated it ~~ but it was a difficult read at best.
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Subjects:  1. Collaborationists    2. Eastern Europe - Poland    3. History    4. History - General History    5. History: World    6. Holocaust    7. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)    8. Jedwabne    9. Jewish - General    10. Jews    11. Poland    12. World War, 1939-1945    13. History / Jewish   

Editorial Review

Although most libraries now contain many shelves of books describing various aspects of the Holocaust, comprehensive one-volume histories or reference books on the subject are rare. Thus, Read more

Reviews (3)

Loaded with useful and educational information
This book is a must for World War II aficionados and scholars alike. It certainly is worthy of the title "encyclopedia," as it contains just about every known figure on both sides of the Holocaust. I highly recommend getting the book, no matter your expertise level. It's a great teaching tool for beginners who want to learn the ABCs of what happend and why, and it's a great reference book for scholars who want to learn intimate, small and minute details about one of the worst tragedies mankind has ever known. Well worth the money.

Not sure how helpful this is but its packed full o' info.
Its about time a Holocaust Encyclopedia appeared on the shelves.This wonderful volume includes refferences to everything you could ever possibly want to know about the holocaust.This 800 page volume contains many useful maps and pictures which will be helpful.Coverage is well done.Their is some question as to the accuracy of the entry detailing the rvolt at Auschwitz as various sources("Anatomy of a death Camp') have put the number of Germans killed at 4 or 5 while 'Doctors Eyewitness account' put the numbers at as many as 100.Clearly something is missing.THe SS kept such extensive records of the numbers of Jews they killed one would think that someone could unearth the number of SS killed/hospitalized after the crematorium revolt. Comprehensive & Authoritative Study On Genocide.
This is an invaluable source of reference for those interested in studying the Holocaust. It is superbly presented and extremely well written, consisting of over 800 pages & containing some 276 photographs (some previously unpublished) together with19 maps plus a full index and reference section.