Subjects:  1. 1910-1946    2. Historiography    3. History    4. History - General History    5. History: World    6. Latin America - Mexico    7. Mexico    8. Myth    9. Revolution, 1910-1920    10. Revolutionary    11. American history: postwar, from c 1945 -    12. History / Mexico    13. Social history   

Reviews (1)

An Invaluable Resource
For those interested in the American Revolution, this work is a must.Mercy Otis Warren, a witnesss to the Revolution from start to finish, offers here an eloquent, inspired, profound, and even reliable contemporaryaccount of the epochal events that occured in the crucial period ofAmerican history beginning with the Stamp act and terminating with theadoption of the Constitution. However, unlike modern scholarly accountsof the Revolution, Warren makes no effort to remain unbiased.Throughoutthe work, she firmly and passionately upholds the cause and values ofliberty and republicanism.Despite this, she still makes a concertedeffort to portray accurately and impartially the events that took place. And while she is at all times staunchly supportive of the cause of therevolutionists, she is quick to condemn cruelty, inhumanity, dishonesty,immorality, and barbarity wherever she finds it. Read more

Subjects:  1. History    2. History - U.S.    3. History: American    4. Revolution, 1775-1783    5. United States    6. United States - Revolutionary War    7. American history: c 1500 to c 1800    8. Revolutions & coups    9. USA    10. c 1700 to c 1800   

Reviews (3)

My Review on Self Portrait By Che Guevara
A very interesting way of portraying the Cuban hero through pictures.My one criticism is that the pictures at the end of the book are not captioned to tell us what they are or when they were taken.

Che on Che
This is a magnificent book... people might say that is pro-cuban biography but what we really have here is Che like the way he was... If you really want to know che this is the book you should be reading, pay no attention to the "gusanos" (the exiles from Miami that don't deserve to be called cubans)who don't like Che becuase he is a better man that all those "gusanos" put together... The reason Che will be present today and tomorrow is because his only dream was to liberate people all over the world without caring about skin color.
A Beautiful Book of Memoirs
If you are tired of the same books on Che Guevara, this is the different book.Formed by texts and images based upon Che's own life it follows mainly the same path of its biographers but in such a beautiful way it made his own daughter Aleyda (who rarely saw him) exclaim: "the photos in this book are so magnificent you feel a desire for kissing him, embracing him and keep talking to him" (she means with his own personal texts based in his own testimony).
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Subjects:  1. 1928-1967    2. Biography & Autobiography    3. Biography / Autobiography    4. Biography/Autobiography    5. General    6. Guevara, Ernesto,    7. Latin America - General    8. Personal Memoirs    9. Pictorial works    10. Political    11. Quotations    12. Travel    13. Biography & Autobiography / General    14. Biography: general    15. Cuba    16. Revolutions & coups   

Reviews (4)

AMAZON.COM START TO STOPDISTRIBUTING CONTROVERSIAL BOOKS
This is an excellent summary of Che Guevarra's life, but this book is "NOT AVAILABLE.""Chomsky for Beginners" another book about a controversial man is also "NOT AVAILABLE. This is my experience that AMAZON.COM has been starting to stop distributing many books that are too much to the Left on the spectrum of "American Politics."Maybe it's the time for me to start supporting the independent book stores and stop buying at AMAZON.COM

ok for its size
This book is okay for its size; It inspired me to check out a copy of _Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life_ by John Anderson from my local library.There are several good "Che" bios out there, I think...I'd like to learn more about which biographies are considered the best among historical scholars;I appreciated the other reviewer who pointed out innaccuracies, etc...I also noticed the aforementioned date error of Che's debacle in Bolivia and knew it had to be the 6os not the 50s, etc.I would like to learn more about this flamboyant Argentenian (and Cuban hero)...I am a leftist but only really discovered Guevara when I started learning the Spanish language.

It really is for 'Beginners', not for serious study.
Although "Che for Beginners" is published in a comic book format, that shouldn't relegate its content to fiction and historical inaccuaracies. In a positive light, the book does provide a (very) basic grounding in the story of Ernesto "Che" Guevara, which may be a good starting point for the uninitiated.As line drawings go, the artwork is great for helping the reader to visualize the story.However, I think a little more research and attention to detail could have been applied to make this book more accurate and informative.To cite a couple of examples: Page 9 gives the date of Che's capture in Bolivia as October 8, 1957 (actual date 1967), and page 19 provides his birthdate as June 14, 1928. Now as his birth certificate does indeed indicate June 14 as his date of birth, he was actually born on May 14, but in order to remove any stigma attached to the fact that his mother was pregnant before she and his father were married, the birth certificate!was falsified. These are the types of historical inaccuracies that indicate a lack of research and attention to detail that greatly detract from this book's ability to inform the reader.There are other inaccuracies as well.In summary, I would recommend this book as a starting point for a young person but would definitely not recommend it for the serious student or knowledgable reader. ... Read more

Subjects:  1. 1928-1967    2. Biography    3. Biography & Autobiography    4. Biography / Autobiography    5. Biography/Autobiography    6. Comic books, strips, etc    7. Guerrillas    8. Guevara, Ernesto,    9. Latin America    10. Political    11. Revolutions    12. South America - History    13. Biography: general    14. Bolivia    15. Cuba    16. Cultural studies    17. Revolutions & coups    18. Terrorism, freedom fighters, armed struggle   

Reviews (3)

Very touching story!
This book is beautifully written! A very touching, even though tragic story. Bree's words are beautiful.

One Word....
This is by far the most powerful story and inspirational book I have ever read! One word....BEAUTIFUL.

Remarkable story, puzzling methodology
Daran Kravanh survived against all odds and, in this collaborative effort, his story unfolds. There is much more than suffering, though, in this story. Gently, simply, and beautifully, his life is described: in Cambodia before the Khmer Rouge and during nearly unimaginable years of famine and deprivation. National history as well as that of his close large family, their culture, religion - including food, festivals, personalities, and a panoply of observations about nature and the animal (and spirit) world. Kravanh's deep attachment to music, specifically (and to this reader, surprisingly) the accordion, is a theme, and a source of sustenance in the years of his suffering. Read more

Subjects:  1. 1953-1975    2. 1954-    3. Asia - General    4. Asia - Southeast Asia    5. Biography    6. Cambodia    7. History    8. History - General History    9. History: World    10. Kravanh, Daran,    11. Political refugees    12. United States   

Subjects:  1. Europe - France    2. History    3. History: World    4. France    5. Revolutions & coups    6. Social history    7. c 1960 to c 1970   

Features

• Illustrated

Subjects:  1. 17th century    2. Europe    3. Europe - General    4. History    5. History - General History    6. History: World    7. Modern - 17th Century    8. Revolutionary    9. EUROPE_HISTORY_1492-1648    10. European history: c 1500 to c 1750    11. History / Europe / General    12. c 1500 to c 1600    13. c 1600 to c 1700   

Reviews (25)

Words can't even describe it.
Sobel has accomplished what few ever have....a true alternative history.Its one thing to have the South win the Civil War or the Nazi's World War 2 but to strive to write something as a textbook as if the events actually happened shows dedication to what you're writing and great courage.
Great Book....
At first the depthness of this book turned me off but as I read this over lunches at work I got sucked in. The detail is so believeable it reads like a good textbook.

Has its good and bad parts
This is a tough book to rate because on some levels it is amazing, while on others it is a frustrating read.First, the good parts.The author has gone into an incredible level of detail making up an entire fake world complete with 200 years of history.He includes footnotes from ficticious books and never once breaks character, giving the reader the impression that the world he describes really does exist and that this is its history.It's also intellectually stimulating to examine the ways that history diverges, and how some of the same problems emerge in different ways.
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Subjects:  1. History    2. History - Military / War    3. History: American    4. Military - General    5. Military - Strategy    6. Revolutionary    7. American history: c 1500 to c 1800    8. Battles & campaigns    9. History / Revolutionary    10. USA   

Reviews (3)

A nice summary of Soviet Politics.
One of my friends saw me reading this book, and stated that such a short book could not adequately cover Soviet politics.This book is the exception and McAuley points out the main themes of the politics of the Soviet Union.For those who want both a basic and advanced educaion on the Soviet political system, this is a nice book.McAuley breaks the Soviet period down into eight chapters and covers the stages of Soviet politics.The following were the basic stages:Revolution, State Building, Industrialization and Collectivization, Terror, Khrushchev and Party Rule, the Administrative-Command System under Brezhnev, and Perestroika and the End of Party Rule.
A political history of three revolutions
Given that at least three revolutions have taken place in the Soviet Union during the time frame of this book, 123 pages does not seem enough to adequately cover them. The first was of course in 1917, toppling the monarchy and bringing the Bolsheviks to power, the second was in the 1930's and was twofold. An internal struggle took place within the party, where all Bolsheviks who had at some point stood in opposition to Stalin were liquidated. The second component of this revolution was the rapid industrialization of the country. Done by literally starving millions of peasants to death, the best estimates are now that over 20 million people perished in the struggle. The final one was the most amazing, where the Soviet Union and its' external empire fell apart, literally overnight and almost without bloodshed. All three of these revolutions are examined, with conclusions that many will disagree with. Excellent
I thoroughly recommend this. It manages to give a clear and insightfulanalysis of the politics of the Soviet Union in the given time period.Because it's a determinist view, it looks at broad factors - which groupsheld the powers of authority and coercion, the nature of Marxist/communistideology - and hardly at the individual leaders. Lenin died with nary awhisper, and Stalin was rarely mentioned even throughout the chapter on thegreat purges - the focus, rather, was on the common people and the idea ofall rules breaking down, such that there were no longer logical reasons forwho was caught and denounced.Read more

Subjects:  1. Europe - Russia & the Former Soviet Union    2. History - General History    3. International Relations - General    4. Politics and government    5. Politics/International Relations    6. Soviet Union    7. European history: from c 1900 -    8. First World War, 1914-1918    9. Former Soviet Union, USSR (Europe)    10. Inter-war period, 1918-1939    11. Marxism & Communism    12. Political Science / International Relations    13. Politics | International Studies    14. Postwar period, 1945 to c 2000    15. Revolutions & coups    16. Second World War, 1939-1945   

Subjects:  1. Europe - Russia & the Former Soviet Union    2. History    3. History - Military / War    4. History: World    5. Military - General    6. Revolution, 1917-1921    7. Soviet Union    8. Civil war    9. European history: from c 1900 -    10. First World War, 1914-1918    11. Revolutions & coups    12. Russia   

Reviews (9)

Just how really inevitable were tsarism's fall & Lenin's success, and was Stalin's rise an aberration?
When was the Russian Revolution? The conventional answer would be October 1917. After all, people associate Lenin with the October Revolution, don't they? Well, Mr. Pipes (amongst an increasing group of others) would stop you right there.Upon the tsar's abdication Russia's first free elections (promised since that February) were held November 12, 1917. This was but days after Lenin's Bolsheviks supposedly "rode to power on a wave of popular support," yet Lenin's ilk only received enought votes to garner 175 seats out of 707!The Bolshevik takeover was more akin to a putsch, consequently. Trotsky himself wrote (in his memoirs) "that 25,000 or 30,000 people, at most, took part in the events of October in Petrograd"; this in a city of 2 million. It was largely bloodless and basically upended the hopelessly incompetent Provisional Government in the dead of one night in favor of the Petersburg Council---or "Soviet," to utilize the Russian word for council.And it was through this organ of competing power that Lenin was able to forestall Russian military units from marching in to St. Petersburg to resist him. In January when Russia's first Constituent Assemby opened Lenin immediately proposed a motion that would have prevented the duly elected Assembly from wielding any real power over the Petersburg Soviet, or any of the other Soviets in other cities. Lenin's Bolsheviks were handedly defeated in this, however; which marked the end of democracy in Russia. The next day Bolshevik Red Guards closed down the Assembly and it was never permitted to sit again. How Lenin was able to engineer this is the subject of the second part of this tri-part (extremely concise & worthy) mini-book of 84 pages. Pipes shows, in addition, how nothing of this was at all inevitable. Tsarism fell for particular reasons, mostly political, and whence it did was replaced by a Provisional Government (PG) bereft of any legitimacy. Said PG was meant to be a caretaker until elections for a Constituent Assembly could be held; elections which weren't held until more than 8 months later. The interim thus provided much time for Lenin & Company to champion the Soviets and their radical maneuverings---which disrupted the economy and war effort---while constantly calling for the elections for the CA to be held (the same Assembly which they smothered by armed force as soon as it sat). "No other group in Russia," but the Bolsheviks, Pipes writes "was prepared to consort with the enemy, and therefore, none could compete with him [meaning Lenin] effectively once the struggle for power got under way."And funds were not a problem either."There is no longer any question," Pipes writes, "that he [Lenin] took money from Imperial Germany even while Russia & Germany were at war; we have plenty of [recently opened Russian archival] documents dating from 1917-18 proving this fact."Why didn't the democratic socialists ("who between them had garnered nearly 3/4 of the national vote") confront the Bolsheviks "on any other but the verbal level"?In Pipes's reading of the situation this was because these socialsits believed time to be on their side; that "the Bolsheviks would have no choice but sooner or later to invite them into government" to be able to get anything accomplished.Lenin, however, choose instead (based on his long written view to rule alone) to employ the use of terror to impose his will instead.Thus Pipes debunks fallacy #3 in this short treatise---that Stalin was an aberration when, in fact, he was a rather natural successor to Lenin. (Read Gorbachev advisor A. Yakovlev's book "A Century of Violence" for proof of Lenin's terror methods.) While Stalin's rise wasn't inevitable, it was a heck of a lot more likely than the 2 fallacies that he lays bare herein concerning the fall of tsarism & Lenin's rise.Tsarism's fall when it did wasn't inevitable & neither was Lenin's rise.(See Pipes's "A Concise History of the Russian Revolution" for all the details of the above.) (06Apr) Cheers!

Don't listen to the revisionists, says Pipes
As one can well discern from the title, Richard Pipes addresses the three main questions surrounding the Russian Revolution - Why did Tsarism fall?, Why Did the Bolsheviks Triumph?, and Why Did Stalin Succeed Lenin? And while answering these questions, Pipes continually challenges the revisionist school of thought. According to him, the revisionist interpretation of the Russian Revolution was heavily influenced by "interpretation of the Russian Revolution that was mandatory in the Soviet Union". Pipes makes use of the Soviet archives that were `opened up' after the Cold War to perceive the Russian Revolution from the political standpoint and question revisionist historiography.
Refutes Marxist mythology, but ultimately misleads
Although Richards Pipes does an excellent job of supporting his thesis that the October 1917 revolution was fundamentally a coup without significant popular support, he neglects to satisfactorily answer the question of why the Bolsheviks triumphed in the civil war that ensued.The logistical details of Lenin's coup, while meriting some attention, are probably of less importance than the long, arduous civil war through which the Bolsheviks had to prevail.Pipes implies that once the Bolsheviks seized power, communist domination would be inevitable.
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Subjects:  1. Causes    2. Europe - Russia & the Former Soviet Union    3. History    4. History & Theory - General    5. History - General History    6. History: World    7. Revolution, 1917-1921    8. Revolutionary    9. Revolutions    10. Russia - History - 1917 To 1991    11. Soviet Union    12. History / Russia (pre- & post-Soviet Union)   

Subjects:  1. Moral and ethical aspects    2. Political aspects    3. Social Science    4. Social ethics    5. Social justice    6. Sociology    7. Sociology - General   

Reviews (3)

Entertaining
While it might not have been intended as such this is actually a pretty funny read. 'Che' may have been motivated by high ideals but in his diaries he documents the nitty gritty of daily life and the trials of trying to whip a revolutionary army into shape. Frequently beset by attacks of 'the runs' (many times a day) and having to deal with Congolese soldiers who wanted nothing more than to run away from the first sign of trouble unless they had consumed their magic drink that made them impervious to bullets, the campaign seems to have been doomed from the start. If you want to get a different view of the reality of revolution from that presented in manifestos this strikingly honest diary seems like a great place to start.

What a joke !
Even the left agree that Che's "campaigns" were a joke. Che was a coward in battle and an "intellectual" in the worst sense of the word. He killed or emprisoned anyone who disagreed with him. he hated gays and "artists". Communism is dead, get over it. Only leftwing fascists and 16-year old naive girls in Italy idolize such a loser as Che.

Che in the Congo
The African Dream is a great book for people interested to learn what happened during the first of Che's 2 "lost years." In April, 1965, Che left Cuba, not to be seen again until his murder in Bolivia in October of 1967. Che first tried to bring about revolution in the Congo, which was undergoing the beginning of the Apartheid government that was to take the lives of millions of innocent Africans in the coming years. In Che's own words, you will gain massive insight into what went on during that nearly year long struggle for freedom and justice.
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Subjects:  1. 20th century    2. Africa - General    3. Biography / Autobiography    4. Civil War, 1960-1965    5. Congo (Democratic Republic)    6. Cubans    7. Guerrilla Warfare    8. Guerrillas    9. Guevara, Ernesto,    10. Historical - General    11. History    12. History: World    13. Participation, Cuban    14. Political    15. Revolutionary    16. Revolutions    17. Guevara, Ernesto    18. Biography   

Subjects:  1. Biography & Autobiography    2. Biography / Autobiography    3. Biography/Autobiography    4. Editors, Journalists, Publishers    5. Latin America - Mexico    6. Revolutionary    7. American history: from c 1900 -    8. Biography: historical    9. Mexico    10. c 1900 - c 1914   

Reviews (4)

"Adam" has posted the same review on all genocide books..,
...so he has posted the same review 7+ times on ANY book about the Armenian Genocide and the Turkish attrocities between 1890 and 1922.He HAS NOT READ any of these books so his reviews are as good as dirt.Please disregard his bogus immature approach.Check out his "All my Reviews" tab and you will see that "Adam" and many others were just sent here to Amazon to flood the gates with bogus reviews of perfectly good works of art.They are pushing Turkish propaganda on a site where literary ctitiscism is needed, not pushing agendas...

Nationalist Propagada
It just astonished me as how certain discursive formations can actually lead people to believe as the 'real' reality. It does not matter whether for an event to 'really happen' or not. What matters is that you hear it on a radio or read it on a newspaper or website or even talk about it at the water-cooler. Those who have had the chance to watch 'Wag the Dog' might get the idea of how such 'reality' is constructed.
Study of Armenian Genocide by a non-Armenian
The comparison of The Genocide and the Holocaust can be considered an important step towards the recoginition of this almost a century old crime against the Armenians. I felt this book analyzed the conditions ofboth of these events and came to conclusion that they were same.I commend Dr. Melson for this effort. ... Read more

Subjects:  1. 20th Century World History    2. History - General History    3. History: World    4. Middle East - General    5. Revolutions    6. World - General    7. 20th century    8. Asian / Middle Eastern history    9. Cambodia    10. Former Soviet Union, USSR (Europe)    11. Germany    12. History / World    13. Revolutions & coups    14. The Holocaust   

Reviews (4)

View of political leaders
Sisson and Rose present a thorough analysis of the policy decisions of the involved governments that led to the creation of Bangladesh as an independent country.The authors describe the issues and events that faced the leaders of the respective governments and their actions.Of note, the book does not describe the events that occurred to the people of Bangaldesh during the war.

Thorough Account of All Sides
Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose put all of their many interviews to good use in War and Secession (Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh).They present all sides of the various complex relationships of this region, as well as presenting the fascinating international views of the situation, predominantly China, USSR, and the US.They are careful to remain unbiased (perhaps sometimes a little too unbiased in the case of Bhutto, in my opinion) and present the misperceptions that all sides were using to base their decisions upon.This book will also be a joy for the general reader as they make all the issues understandable and unravel all the tangles between the various personalities.The authors provide a defintive account of the creation of Bangladesh that will both entertain and inform.

An unbiased, well-researched accurate account
The authors provide a well-balanced, unbiased historical account of the accounts leading to the war of 1971.The book is very well researched with numerous notes on various sources of information.Read more

Subjects:  1. Asia - India & South Asia    2. Bangladesh    3. History    4. History - General History    5. India-Pakistan Conflict, 1971    6. Politics and government    7. Politics/International Relations    8. Revolution, 1971    9. Revolutionary    10. South Asia    11. Asian / Middle Eastern history: postwar, from c 1945 -    12. India    13. Political Science / General   

Reviews (3)

Okay, but not all I was hoping for
I was looking for a bit more of an academic study to complement Edward Luttwak's Coup D'Etat; what I got was an engaging but light read on coups written with a sort of jovial cynicism that may be entertaining to some some readers.For example, there is sample speech for the new head of state (or coup PR man) to deliver, complete with helpfully labeled blanks such as "INSERT NAME OF HATED FOREIGN STATE" or "INSERT NAME OF FOUNDING FATHER OF NATION/POPULAR HERO"; or the reference to "political science" being "an oxymoron in the same league as "military intelligence." One of the authors of the book is Ken Connor, who, according to the dust jacket, is the longest serving member of Britain's SAS.If that is the case, surely there were times in his career where he benefitted from good intelligence, we would hope at least as often as he suffered from a lack of it.But regardless, it's hard to take the book seriously when it goes for the cheap laugh with an old joke.Given the recent coup in Thailand, I'm still looking for something that better explains the complex interplay between the state, its citizens, and the military, whose own relations to the first two entities is likely in most countries to be far different from that which we take for granted in the US.

An outstanding and unique study of what may frequently be used against various unstable governments
How To Stage A Military Coup: From Planning To Execution by David Hebditch and Ken Connor is an interesting and thought-provoking exploration of the military empowerment of obtaining placement in government through the exercise of military force or the threat of such force. Introducing the reader to a detailed and in-depth understanding (which Connor has had first hand experience) of the act known as a military coup or coup d'etat, How To Stage A Military Coup is an outstanding and unique study of what may frequently be used against various unstable governments throughout the world. How To Stage A Military Coup is particularly recommended to students of politics, international studies, and the utilization of military power with a role in establishing and/or overthrowing governments.
How to stop a military coup
The new book by David Hebditch and Ken Connor, author of "Ghost Force: The Secret History of the SAS", appears to be a guide to planning and executing a military coup...
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Subjects:  1. Handbooks & Manuals    2. History    3. History & Theory - General    4. Military    5. Military - Other    6. Military History (General)    7. Political History    8. Reference    9. History / General    10. Revolutions & coups   

Reviews (3)

Great History of Overthrow of Guatemala's Government
This is a fascinating and extremely well-documented history of the period of reformist administrations which ended in the 1954 overthrow of the Guatemalan government engineered by the CIA.It includes great accounts of the views and roles played by the United Fruit Company, the US government, and the Guatemalan army.Based on the declassified archives of the US government and interviews with virtually everyone involved on both the US and Guatemalan sides, the book gives great insight into how the US came to its decision and how it executed the overthrow of the government.It's easy to extrapolate to interesting parallels to subsequent episodes where the US decided to overthrow regimes based on simplistic understandings of foreign governments, during US' obsession with issues that were extremely important to US opinion (in this case communist influence) but not as relevant as other issues to other countries (e.g., land reform).Gleijeses offers interesting insights into how the CIA did a poor and then good job of understanding the Guatemalan government, and then how the US (CIA) poorly organized and then had no control over the actual overthrow, leading US leaders into overconfidence and the Bay of Pigs disaster.It is impressive to see the raw power of the US ambassador to choose and control Guatemala's army, juntas, and presidents.
Great Historical Document
A great book which ilustrated me about this part of the history of my country.All these events are not so known in Guatemala, and it was great to have the chance to know a lot more about them.As guatemalan people use to do, I don't publish my name.

a lucid account of this tragic history
In "Shattered Hope" author Piero Gleijeses exposes the ruthlessness and tyrrany of US imperial policy in Guatemala. Read more

Subjects:  1. History    2. History: World    3. International Relations - General    4. Latin America - General    5. Politics / Current Events    6. American history: postwar, from c 1945 -    7. Guatemala    8. History / Latin America    9. Latin American Studies    10. Political Science and International Relations    11. Postwar period, 1945 to c 2000    12. Revolutions & coups    13. Second World War, 1939-1945   

Subjects:  1. 1878-1909    2. 20th century    3. History    4. History & Theory - General    5. History - General History    6. History: World    7. Ittihat ve Terraki Cemiyeti    8. Middle East - General    9. Middle East - Turkey    10. Opposition (Political science)    11. Political History    12. Political Science    13. Politics and government    14. Politics/International Relations    15. Turkey    16. Turkey - History    17. Ã§Ittihat ve Terraki Cemiyeti    18. ASIA    19. Asian / Middle Eastern history    20. History / Middle East    21. History, World | Middle Eastern    22. Ottoman Empire    23. Revolutions & coups    24. c 1900 - c 1914   

Subjects:  1. Politics/International Relations    2. Civil war    3. European history (ie other than Britain & Ireland)    4. Revolutions & coups    5. Serbia    6. c 1990 to c 2000