Reviews (3)

Not perfect
Overall, a good book, with lots of information. It is heavily slanted in favor of native americans, and includes what I would term disinformation. If you know history, these sentences will stand out.
Native American Encyclopedia
A good resource book offering specific historical and demographic information about each tribal group of North America, explaining the differences between the diverse cultures clearly and precisely. This would make a good classroom reference for older kids.

Great book of information!
Everything you ever wanted to know in one book, incredible!A must for anyone into the Native culture. ... Read more

Subjects:  1. Encyclopedias    2. Ethnic Studies - Native American Studies    3. History    4. History: World    5. Indians of North America    6. Native American    7. Native Americans    8. Native Americans - History    9. North America    10. Reference    11. Sociology    12. History / Native American    13. History, American | Native American   

Reviews (16)

Too bad he didn't survive to write more
I have more I. Asimov books than any other.Although I constantly weed through my books and give many to the library, I will never give up my books written by Isaac Asimov.Chronology of the World, like every other Asimov book, is extremely well written.It is also obvious that he did a lot of research.

Absolutley Incredible writing from a master
I normally read books quickly (I read every day and devour books) however I have taken well over two months to read this masterpiece.
Highly recommended
Isaac Asimov is probably my favorite writer of non-fiction, and this might just be his best work. Although it covers almost every important event from the Big Bang to the end of World War II, it somehow manages to be far from dry or boring. In fact, much of it reads like a novel - so much so that the book is hard to put down.
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Subjects:  1. Asimov, Isaac - Prose & Criticism    2. Chronology    3. Chronology, Historical    4. Encyclopedias    5. Reference    6. World - General    7. Reference / Encyclopedias    8. World history   

Subjects:  1. Customs & Traditions    2. Encyclopedias    3. History - U.S.    4. Reference    5. United States - State & Local - South    6. American history    7. American studies    8. Central Southern states    9. Reference / Encyclopedias   

Reviews (2)

ritcal essays by the Foremost Experts on Lee's Best Battle
A great collection of essays by those historians most familiar with the Battle of Fredericksburg. Burnsides excellent biographer, Wiliam Marvel, writes a very balanced essay on Burnside and his high command that was still full of McClellan political generals and some that were inept. Burnside shares blame for failed opportunities but was primarily let down by Franklin who proved to be incapable or neglectful in providing a strong attack on the Confederate rightthat was necessary to attack the heights of the town on the confederate left. The objective critic of Lee, Alan Nolan, writes an essay substantiating why this battle was Lee's greatest and how Longstreet was so capable that his great critic Douglas Freeman had to praise him. A. William Greene who spent many years with the park service at Fredericksburg (he's now at the new Pamplin Civil War Museum in Petersburg) writes of Burnside's last and lost attempt at continuing the campaign, the mud march.Difficult in bad weather but made worse by the political generals who contributed willingly to his failure. The other essays contribute to the realities of war, the carnage and the effect on Civilians and how the virtually destroyed Pennyslvania Division were later to shout "Remember Fredericksburg" at Gettysburg.

A correction for your on-line review.
Your review of Gallagher's book on the Battle of Fredericksburg has the date wrong. It was fought on Dec. 13, 1862, not 1863. ... Read more

Subjects:  1. Fredericksburg, Battle of, Fre    2. Fredericksburg, Battle of, Fredericksburg, Va., 1862    3. History    4. History - Military / War    5. History: American    6. Military - General    7. Military History - U.S. Civil War    8. Reference    9. United States - Civil War    10. United States - General    11. American history: c 1500 to c 1800    12. Civil War; Ambrose Burnside; Robert E. Lee; Marye's Heights; William Marvel; Alan T. Nolan; Carol Reardon; Gary W. Gallagher; A. Wilson Greene; George C. Rable; William A. Blair    13. Civil war    14. History / United States / Civil War Period (1850-1877)    15. USA   

Reviews (3)

A fine reference.
I don't know that it is exhaustive; I'm sure that there is information one might want that isn't to be found here, although I can't think of any examples off the top of my head. And I can't vouch for its veracity; I haven't the competence in the subject matter. Certainly, it is a marvellous reference for someone like me, who has little other knowledge of the subject, and wants a place to begin in gaining such knowledge. Fantastic reference work
"Encyclopedia of the North American Indians" is probably one of the best reference works of its type for any subject. The entries are clear, concise and highly informative and there are a large number of useful photographs and illustrations. It covers all relevant subject areas connected to the Native Americans: history, literature, culture, customs and language, politics and contemporary issues. By itself it is a highly informative book, yet it also serves as a vehicle for further study of more specific subject matter; in this sense, it is very helpful that all entries include the names of their authors and that biographical information is also provided. The further reading lists are also very helpful. Anyone even remotely interested in Native Americans has to have this valuable resource on his/her bookshelf.

An invaluable reference for Native American studies.
Over 260 contemporary authorities on North America's original inhabitants and their descendants make this encyclopedia truly worthy of the name. Contributors are themselves from a wide variety of Indian nations. Typical entry titles are "Food and Cuisine", "Jim Thorpe","Origins", "Urban Indians", and "Women".An invaluable reference for any library, or for that matter an individualwho wants to take that first step into researching their own NativeAmerican Roots as did one individual who attention I brought this item to.I have a back ground in Library and information studies with two advancedegrees in that area which I think makes me feel qualified to say thateverything that one wants is not on line and 20 years from now when theworld have become gridlock with electronic noise which is really nothingmore than useless or worse yet incorrect or misleading electronicinformation this could still sitting on your self.One of the things Ilike to do is test drive a reference tool by asking a typical referencequestion which I say with kind of smirk knowing that the only typicalreference question is directional and the answer involves pointing down thehall to the men's or women's rest room. So since I lived for many years inSouth Central Wisconsin I have decided to find more About the Black Hawkwars since the route of the retreat for Chief Black Hawk was through whatwas to become 13 years later the University Of Wisconsin Campus. Since theitem is arranged in dictionary format (With many Illustrations andphotographs, and Maps) I simply turn to page 76-77-78 to a signed articleby Roger Nichols of the University of Arizona. Marktaineshekiakiak1767-1838 (Sauk War Leader and Spokesman): The article is concisely writtenon level which would make it accessible to a high school student but at thesame time useful to a graduate student who might chose to use the articleas an access point to a much wider area of Interest as would be my case dueto my interest in both social economic and military history as in it startswith the individual and moves to the broad social an economic context.Encyclopedia of North American Indians: Native American History, Culture,and Life from Paleo-Indians to the Present in addition supplies multipleaccess points through a general index; cross references, and in many casesfurthers reading lists. Since I have written for number Encyclopedias overthe years I most particularly like the idea of the articles being signedand the contributors being listed. Really a good reference tool works likeThe sighting scope on a large telescope: it bring you into an large And youcan focus with as much detail as the granularity of the data will allow. Ionce wrote a paper on that but that another story. 756 Pages,Appendix, Index Maps, B/W Photographs, Paintings, Drawings.Read more

Subjects:  1. Dictionaries    2. Encyclopedias    3. Ethnic Studies - Native American Studies    4. History    5. History: World    6. Indians of North America    7. Middle East - General    8. Native American    9. Native Americans - History    10. Reference    11. American history    12. History / Native American    13. History of specific racial & ethnic groups    14. North America    15. Reference works   

Reviews (1)

Essential for all Political Science students
This is the bible, for lack of a better term, of political science.Read more

Subjects:  1. Encyclopedias    2. General    3. Political Science    4. Political Science (General)    5. Politics / Current Events    6. Politics/International Relations    7. Reference    8. World politics    9. Political Science / General    10. Politics | International Studies   

Subjects:  1. Conspiracies    2. Conspiracy & Scandal Investigations    3. Encyclopedias    4. History    5. History - General History    6. History - U.S.    7. History: American    8. Reference    9. United States    10. United States - General    11. American studies    12. Controversial Knowledge & Mysteries    13. History of specific subjects    14. POLITICS & GOVERNMENT    15. Reference works    16. USA   

Subjects:  1. Biography / Autobiography    2. Caribbean & West Indies - Cuba    3. Caribbean Area - History    4. Criminals & Outlaws    5. Historical - General    6. History    7. History: World    8. Maritime History    9. History / Reference   

Reviews (7)

nifty little gem
Quite a nifty little book, just wish it had "more".It's a delightful find for pirate fans or historical writers, with a lot of great pirate terms, a lot tidbit of information on pirate related stuff.Great for people wanting trivia or for really adding color to your pirate novel.However, gem that it is, some problems in editing, simple stuff that should have been caught.It provides origins of the phrases, many that have passed into common usage that people don't even stop to consider.All in all, a worthwhile treat!

Fun Little Dictionary on Pirate Jargon
Being a fan of pirates, I bought THE PIRATE DICTIONARY by Terry Breverton the moment I realized it existed.It has 189 pages of pirate terminology, defining terms like "hardtack," "sargasso sea," "chickcharnies," and "avast ye."
Pirates
Great book, lots of interesting facts and descriptions. For anyone who likes Pirates, this is the gift for them! ... Read more

Subjects:  1. History    2. History - General History    3. History: World    4. Maritime History    5. Reference    6. World - General    7. World history   

Reviews (12)

A very interesting book
Davidson and Lytle's book is an interesting book about history and the importance of looking at history from different views. They have various historical articles that challenge your beliefs about various historical events and I found that I learned a great deal about history that I had never considered before I read this book. It was required reading in my Historiography class and it will be a book that I will use for years to come when I need to be reminded of how history is written, the biases that are in all of us in our approach to history and the various aspects of history that we rarely, if ever even consider.

History as Art
Anyone interested in history would enjoy this book, and learn from it, too. History is the story we tell about the past, and how the story is told is an art. The best historical art expresses truth and insight, and helps us to understand ourselves and others. When one considers that virtually all of our knowledge and perceptions, including scientific, are based on the stories we hear and believe, the art of history gains respect. The authors of After the Fact offer fifteen chapters on various historical topics, not so much for the purpose of writing history as of thinking about history. The authors' opinions about the topics are therefore not so important, and it really doesn't matter whether you agree with them, though I found all of them quite interesting and insightful. This book complements standard history books and is a great change of pace.

Great & exciting reading for novice historians
For twenty years, I've been recommending to (i.e., forcing on) new history grad students that they read this marvelous book to get an idea what the profession of history is really about. Because it's not just gathering the "facts" and presenting them as "what really happened." That's very misleading, regardless of what your 6th Grade teacher told you. As the authors demonstrate in the very first chapter, history is a transitive verb. It's "the act of selecting, analyzing, and writing about the past." And they prove it through fourteen closely reasoned, carefully written chapters, each re-examining a historical event or circumstance. Some are major, like a documentary analysis of Jefferson's methodology in writing the Declaration of Independence, or how the decision was arrived at to drop the Bomb on Hiroshima. Others are much more minor, small gems of investigation, especially the truth of the mysterious death of failed American diplomat Silas Deane in 1789. They examine the "great man" theory of history in the light of the career of Huey Long, the "Kingfish," and the counterposed "grand theory" as elucidated by Frederick Jackson Turner. (And attitudes about Turner among historians have changed yet again since this book was published.) They investigate whether John Brown, an unargued terrorist of our standards but a hero to Norhern opponents of slavery in the 1850s, was a psychopath. Other chapters discuss the Sacco-Vanzetti case, the roles of social critics and muckrackers in making or changing public policy, the Salem witch trials, the aftermath of Watergate, the Federal Writers' Project's ex-slave narratives (collected in the 1930s and heavily reinterpreted in the 1970s), and the tradition of the "noble savage." It's gone through several editions and a second volume has been added to include new investigative methods and case studies on later events, but it really doesn't matter. You'll learn the basics just as well from the original book. ... Read more

Subjects:  1. Historiography    2. History    3. History - U.S.    4. History: American    5. United States    6. United States - General    7. American history    8. History: theory & methods    9. USA   

Reviews (1)

A highly recommended, core reference title.
Now in an updated and expanded new edition, The American Book Of Days features 850 essays marking important anniversaries and the birthdays of history-making Americans throughout the 366 days of the year (including February 29th). All American holidays and pivotal moments are noted as readers can delve into fascinating and often overlooked accounts connected to otherwise familiar facts of American history from the discovery of American by Europeans down through to today. Cross-reference and an extensive index make information easy to find, while expanded appendices feature historical documents. A highly recommended, core title for school and community library American history and reference collections, The American Book Of Days is enhanced for students and researchers with approximately one hundred photographs and other illustrations. ... Read more

Subjects:  1. Chronology    2. Fasts and feasts    3. Festivals    4. History    5. History: American    6. Holidays    7. Holidays (non religious)    8. Reference    9. Religious holidays    10. Sociology    11. United States    12. United States - General    13. United States History (General)   

Reviews (10)

Perhaps the Best History of the Templars to Date
Over the past twenty or thirty years the Templars have become the subject of some really silly religious conspiracy theories which say more about the authors who espouse them than they actually do about the Templars themselves.
Absolutely wonderful!
This is an absolutely wonderful book for anyone at all interested in The Templars. This is a full and original work of research that covers every detail you can imagine about The Templars. If I must chose something that detracts from the over all feeling of the book is the chapter called The Templar Network as this is a rather dry account of the manors and so on throughout the Continent and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. If you do chose to read this book I would recommend skipping most of the chapter mentioned above until Barber starts talking about the Templar network as a reliable bank for kings and popes alike. I highly recommend this book!
Full of facts but too scholarly for
This book is a good source of information for the serious student. If you have a good knowledge of medieval and crusade history then this book will trace the order of the Templars through all the political, military and ideological contexts that the order existed in. It will provide you with sources and chronologies and will explain what the Templars did, why they were such an important force and how exactly they were able to achieve what they achieved.Read more

Subjects:  1. Christianity - History - General    2. Civilization, Medieval    3. History    4. History - General History    5. History: World    6. Institutions & Organizations    7. Medieval    8. Medieval Church (476-1517)    9. Reference    10. Templars    11. Christianity    12. History of religion    13. Religion / Church History    14. Templars- History   

Subjects:  1. Civilization    2. Civilization, Occidental    3. Civilization, Western    4. History    5. History - General History    6. Philosophy   

Subjects:  1. American - African American & Black    2. History    3. History: World    4. People of Color    5. Reference    6. Sociology    7. Sociology - General    8. Social Science / Sociology / General   

Reviews (11)

A pithy review
I liked this book, had no problem reading it, and recommend it. Presumably when reviewers refer to it as "dry", they mean in comparison to such popular histories as Peter Hopkirk's fascinating "The Great Game". But, Hopkirk's point of view lends to the events an air of "the plucky British soldiers" fighting against "incredible odds" in their 19th century incursions into Afghanistan. What happened is that the disciplined British military with the aid of superior tactics and weaponry massacred numerous Afghanis in their quest to keep their Indian empire secure (from a Russian invasion that might never have occurred anyway), and, in due course, suffered some massacres of their own. I don't suggest Hopkirk whitewashed these events. Rather, he knows a story is more appealing with "heros" and "villains", and constructing these is how the very readable "The Great Game" makes a century of fairly detailed Central Asian history palatable.
A must read on this subject
This book can be recommended to anyone interested in the history of the general mess now known as Afghanistan. In addition to being scholarly (which some people call "dry") and concise, Ewans, as a former diplomat, tends to be honest about many issues which Westerners were previously clueless or not bothered about, or which they deliberately "fudged up", so as to justify their anti-Soviet policy. That is commendable, on part of a Western writer. But it may be too late to do any good now.Before "9/11" most Western books on this subject tended to be hysterically biased in favour of the "Mujahideen" Islamic war of resistance, funded by capitalism; now of course, ever since that fateful day of 9/11, on which Bin Laden and his Taliban cohorts gave the West a tremendous kick in the backside, the books are hysterical in a different way. Actually, I agree more with the latter type of hysteria (and not at all the former). It has more than an element of truth in it. In this review, I take the opportunity to add my personal experience to Mr. Ewans' narrative and thereby enhance it. I belong in Peshawar, on the Pakistani side of the ethnic Pashtun (the basic majority Afghan ethnicity, from which it the word "Afghan" is derived) area. This area was conquered and split, by the British, from Afghanistan and added to their Indian Empire under a treaty finalised in 1893. For that I am thankful in more ways than one. I am half-English, and twenty years ago, as a college student, was a Marxist supporter of Afghanistan's Soviet supported Communist "Saur" Revolution. Though experience has since nullified most of my beliefs in Marxism and also disillusioned me regarding the nature of Afghan communists - who have proven to be no different than their opposite brethren, the truth of what happened in that war between the Soviets and the American Jihadist Islamic resistance can not be altered. Many Western writers - now that they see what the policies of their countries have led to - try to absolve their countries of blame by dismissing the Afghan episode as resulting from a "Vietnam revenge" policy of the US. That is childish to say the least; however, it may be the best excuse they can find, since pre-9/11 Western opinion in this regard was that they were "freeing" the Afghan people so that the latter "could live freely according to their own culture and religion..." But comparisons with Vietnam are also false and futile. Vietnam's story was the fight of an awakened people for national and economic self-determination against capitalist enslavement; Whereas Afghanistan's was the fight of one of the most misguided, subnormal, gladly backward and morose minded people the world has ever seen - against the benefits of social modernisation; and in this the Afghans were aided by criminal modern world powers who thought that doing so would further their greedy geopolitical objectives ("9/11" proved otherwise though! The USSR, Capitalism's "greatest enemy" is nowhere to be seen, and has been replaced by rabid Islamic fanatics who "can't be seen" till they explode!) The Booklist editorial review of Martin Ewans' book on this page is rightly pessimistic when it says that only "modern" (19th and 20th c.) Afghan history matters to the world, since: "There aren't a lot of bright spots in modern Afghan history. The people share no linguistic, religious, or ethnic traditions and have come together only to fight common enemies. Two wars with the British and the mujahadeen resistance against the Soviets devastated both the people and the economy, but the anarchy following the wars was equally crippling. Often lacking a centralized government, the few rulers Afghanistan has known, from Daoud to Mullah Omar, have been charismatic personalities but hugely ineffective leaders... Afghanistan has known no peace in 40 years and little peace in all its history..." That speaks for itself. The mess is even more exacerbated by the devastating Islamic fire the West and its lackeys kindled in the world because of this; and shame be upon those traitorous "modern" Afghans who fled to the West to live a "better life" so easily.

Complete History of Afghanistan
Martin Ewans, who previously served as a British diplomat in Afghanistan, is clearly someone who is very knowledegable of Afghan history and its people. However, the title "A Short History" may be a bit misleading, as this is, in fact, a thorough examination of Afghan history with some rather dense writing. Certainly it is more for those seriously interested in the subject matter rather than the casual reader.
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Subjects:  1. Afghanistan    2. Asia - General    3. History    4. History - General History    5. History: World    6. Middle East - General    7. Reference    8. Asian / Middle Eastern history    9. History / Middle East   

Subjects:  1. Australia & New Zealand - New Zealand    2. General    3. History    4. History: World    5. Life Sciences - Ecology    6. Natural history    7. New Zealand    8. Reference    9. Science    10. Conservation of the environment    11. NATURAL HISTORY, COUNTRY LIFE & PETS   

Editorial Review

Did you know that when Annie Oakley was not performing her sharp-shooting skills, she preferred a quiet Quaker lifestyle and an embroidery needle to a rifle? That gunman John Wesley Hardin killed more people than either Jesse James or Billy the Kid? Or that Frederick Law Olmsted was once commissioned to manage the Yosemite Valley and was instrumental in the national-park movement? Read more

Reviews (1)

a very comprehensive history of the West
Although primarily a reference book, it is the kind I would like to read page after page.I wish it had been printed in two volumes.Thetype is extremely small and tiresome to readat any length ... Read more

Subjects:  1. Encyclopedias    2. Frontier and pioneer life    3. History    4. History - U.S.    5. History: American    6. Reference    7. U.S. Local History - Western United States    8. United States - 19th Century/Old West    9. United States - State & Local - General    10. West (U.S.)    11. American history    12. Cultural studies    13. Reference / General    14. Reference works    15. USA   

Editorial Review

Even as academics increasingly break down the historical profession into areas of subspecialization, Read more

Reviews (6)

Mindful of Great History
This was my first audio book. Purchased from Amazon (because they delivered overseas) to keep me company on my daily metropolitan Tokyo commute from Uraga-Cho to Yokosuka Naval Base.
Interaction with Great Minds
Perhaps you saw the television programs or have viewed the videos of one or more of them. Perhaps you have listened to the audiocassettes. In any event, this book consists of a series of thought-provoking questions posed by Roger Mudd which are answered by five of our nation's most eminent historians: Stephen Ambrose, David McCullough, James McPherson, Richard White, and Gordon Wood. Their respective subjects are: Shows How to Make History Come Alive!
This book is a fabulous resource for those of us who have tried to explain why the study of history is so important.The "interviewees" show that the best way to present history is by "story telling"about the lives of real people rather than making a dry recitation offacts.All of them are extreemly enthusiastic about their subjects. ... Read more

Subjects:  1. Historians    2. Historical - General    3. Historiography    4. History    5. History - General History    6. History - U.S.    7. History: American    8. Interviews    9. Reference    10. United States    11. United States - General    12. United States History (General)    13. American history    14. History / General    15. USA   

Reviews (21)

Shipwrecked
What a muddle (most) reviewers have made of this book. I am reminded of De Tocqueville, whom all factions regard as "prescient" and appropriate him to their own positions.Let's get some facts straight, Gasset is a reactionary and an elitist, just as De Tocqueville was an aristocrat attempting to make sense of an alien American democracy.The difference is that De Tocqueville was only a reactionary in sentiment.He felt that democracy was inevitable. Not so Gasset, who believes that we MUST in some way turn back the clock.The ways he proposes that this might be done are, as another reviewer has noted, somewhat at odds with each other.So, perhaps, it's no great wonder that the reviews are muddled.
A vastly important book
"The Revolt of the Masses" has been, I think, continuously in print since 1930 for the simple reason that it's a very important book.Its main observation is hardly possible to deny: the vast increase in wealth caused by the Industrial Revolution empowered whole massive segments of society which had formerly been nearly invisible.And they all wanted to go to the beach and stay in hotels and eat in restaurants.So, way back in 1930, Ortega y Gasset was already noticing that it was becoming increasingly difficult to find a place on the beach, or a room in a hotel, or a table in a restaurant."Mass man" had arrived.
Wrong premises, prophetic conclusions
The book occupies a peculiar position. Written by a person of aristocratic predisposition against fascism and communism, and also democracy, this book was ironically celebrated by democratic, capitalist countries for its denunciation of Bolshevism and fascism as false starts.
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Subjects:  1. Civilization    2. Europe    3. General    4. History Of Civilization And Culture (General)    5. Philosophy    6. Political Discontent And Violence    7. Proletariat    8. Psychology    9. History: theory & methods    10. Western philosophy, from c 1900 -   

Subjects:  1. Encyclopedias    2. History - U.S.    3. Reference    4. United States - State & Local - South    5. American history    6. American studies    7. Central Southern states    8. Reference / Encyclopedias    9. abolition; Anglo-American antebellum culture; Atlantic world; Civil War battlefields; Cold War; colonial heritage; Confederate States of America; emancipation; frontier heritage; Great Depression; globalization; Paleo-Indian period; archaic period; woodland period; Mississippian period; Indian removal; Jacksonian Democracy; Jeffersonian Tradition; Korean War; maritime tradition; Mexican War; black migration; military bases; military tradition; New Deal; Progressive Era; Reconstruction; sharecropping; slave culture; slave revolts; Spanish-American War; Vietnam War; War of 1812; World War I; World War II; Robert Beverly; Daniel Boone; William Byrd II; John C. Calhoun; Jimmy Carter; Citizens' Councils; Bill Clinton; Confederate veterans; Congress of Racial Equality (CORE); Davy Crockett; Jefferson Davis; Frederick Douglass; W. E. B. Du Bois; Medgar Evers; Farm Security Administration; George Fitzhugh; Nathan Bedford Forrest; John Hope Franklin; Grimke sisters; Fannie Lou Hamer; James Henry Hammond; Andrew Jackson; Jesse Jackson; Stonewall Jackson; Jamestown; Thomas Jefferson; Andrew Johnson; Lyndon B. Johnson; Martin Luther King Jr.; Robert E. Lee; John Roy Lynch; James Madison; James Meredith; James Monroe; NAACP; Frederick Law Olmstead; Frank Owsley; U. B. Phillips; James Knox Polk; Elizabeth Allston Pringle; John Randolph; Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); Southern Historical Association; Southern Historical Society; Jeb Stuart; Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); John Taylor; Trail of Tears; Nat Turner; United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC); 1965 Voting Rights Act; Booker T. Washington; Ida B. Wells-Barnett; Woodrow Wilson; Carter G. Woodson; C. Vann Woodward; Alvin C. York